a) freezing and thawing
b) wetting and drying
c) temperature and precipitation
d) evaporation and precipitation

2. The proportion of sand, silt and clay in a soil defines its:

a) texture
b) structure
c) consistency
d) porosity

3. What is the correct sequence as water moves from the oceans to land in the hydrologic cycle?

a) evaporation, precipitation, runoff, condensation
b) evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff
c) runoff, precipitation,evaporation, condensation
d) precipitation, evaporation, condensation, runoff

4. For most tree systems, the roots:

a) transport water and nutrients
b) store starch
c) a and b
d) all of the above

5. A lake that is warmer and richer in nutrients is classified as:

a) mesotrophic
b) oligotrophic
c) eutrophic
d) Dune 2

6. Plants that are shade tolerant are referred to as:

a) early succession species
b) mid succession species
c) late succession species

7. Soil structure refers to:

a) the amount of sand, silt and clay in a soil
b) the amount of pore space in a soil
c) the arrangement of primary particles into aggregates of peds
d) the amount of organic matter in a soil

8. Which of the following terms describes the passage of water into a soil:

a) volatilization
b) transpiration
c) infiltration
d) evaporation

9. Trees that are under stress of slowly dying exhibit a range of symptoms, such as smaller leaves, dead branches in the crown and shorter shoot growth. This probably means:

a) energy production exceeds transpiration
b) photosynthesis exceeds respiration
c) photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration are equal
d) respiration exceeds photosynthesis

10. New growth occurs in this part of the tree:

a) cambium
b) vein
c) annual ring
d) stoma

11. Anoxic means:

a) high oxygen environment, usually accompanied by low levels of carbon dioxide
b) low oxygen environment, usually accompanied by high levels of carbon dioxide
c) accumulation of toxic substances in organisms
d) none of the above

12. Benthos means:

a) a white candy flavoured with mint
b) dead organic matter
c) organisms living on or within the substrate
d) both b and c

13. Eutrophication means:

a) when the productivity of an aquatic system increases
b) when the productivity of an aquatic system decreases
c) usually caused by input of organic/inorganic substances into the habitat
d) both a and c

14. Lentic means:

a) running waters
b) still waters
c) zone with rooted shoreline vegetation
d) systems with a unidirectional flow

15. Factors affecting dissolved oxygen are:

a) temperature
b) water turbulence
c) water depth
d) all of the above

16. Definition of a wetland:

a) ground is seasonally or permanently covered by deep water
b) when water table is close to or at the surface
c) ground is seasonally or permanently covered by shallow water
d) both b and c

17. Examples of wetlands are:

a) bogs
b) fens
c) marshes
d) all of the above

18. Characteristics differentiating streams from lakes are:

a) organisms found within streams tend to be adapted to cool, oxygen rich waters
b) organisms found within streams tend to be adapted to warm, oxygen depleted waters
c) fast flowing streams lack plankton and other floating plants found in lakes
d) both a and c